anatomical analysis of throwing a football
Name and discuss anatomical and mechanical factors that apply to representative throwing, kicking, or striking activities. The ball impact filmed by two video cameras, Camera 1: Kodak Easy Share DX6490, video resolution: 4 megapixels (2304x1728 pixels), recording speed: 30 fps, 2m perpendicular to the front plane of the ball, Camera 2: Homday X-PERT, video resolution: 1808p/720p, recording speed: 25 fps/50 fps, 5m perpendicular to the front plane of the ball (Figure 1). Peak right (rear) and left (front) leg forces were determined as the highest point on the ground reaction force curve during the concentric phase of the throwing motion. Using the central trend (arithmetic mean) and dispersion (standard deviation) parameters for the descriptive part, and the calculation of Bravais Pearsons correlation coefficients (r) for the analytical part, the calculations were performed by the IBM SPSS statistics 20 software analysis utility. The knee bones involved are the femur and tibia, which form a hinge joint. Heading the ball could lead to long-term brain damage. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In a similar manner, both throw arm and non-throw arm elbow angle capture the internal angle between arm and forearm arm with the fulcrum located at the center of the elbow joint (Figure 4). All of these muscles, combined with the arm muscles, are extremely active during the throw as you prepare to release the ball. The main muscles responsible for hip flexion are psosas major, psosas minor and iliacus, which are collectively known as Iliopsoas, or hip flexors. <> google_ad_height = 90; Acceleration - Shoulder instability, labral tears, overuse tendinitis, tendon ruptures. The large arm muscles of the triceps, biceps and forearm are involved in the throwing motion, especially once you begin the throw. This paper will present a history of women's involvement in sport prior to the federal legislation enacted to eliminate sexual discrimination in education and sport. During this phase, the rest of the body catches up with the arm and it culminates with the pitcher in a fielding position. The complete experimental set-up is shown in Figure 3. endobj ; November 2002. Fleisig, G.S., Escamilla, R.F., Andrews, J.R, Matsuo, T., Satterwhite, Y., & Barrentine S.W. The kinesiological analysis of the normal throw (figure1), of the throw from frontal position, of the throw without the involvement of the contralateral upper limb and of the baseball pitch. Teres minor presents with its peak activity during this phase as it resists anterior humeral head translation, horizontal adduction and internal rotation. During the follow-up phase, the trunk extensors work concentrically to bring the trunk in an upright position. 1 0 obj The large muscles of the legs and lower body, such as the calves, quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes, all help to drive and provide power as you step into the throw. All statistical analyses were computed with the SPSS Version 25.0 software (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Your gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, collectively called your calf, contract to extend your ankle in a movement called plantar flexion, while the muscles on the front of your tibia -- tibialis anterior -- contracts to hold your ankle rigid. During these simple movements consider the muscles proximally to distally. Following seven joint angle changes corresponding to all these degrees of freedom were obtained throughout the throwing motion. The results revealed that there are correlations as well as statistically significant contribution rates between the accuracy of the direct free kick shot and the biomechanical variables of the various component phases; the approach phase: the player approach time has a statistically significant correlation of 0.616 and a rate of 38% (p<0.01), the player approach distance has a significant correlation of 0.638 and a rate of 41% (p<0.01), the player approach speed has a significant correlation of 0.483 and a rate of 23% (p<0.01). In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Fradet, L., Kulpa, R., Multon, F., & Delamarche, P. (2002). Kinetic data was collected with a uniaxial force plate while kinematic data was captured with high definition cameras. In the late 1800's and early 1900's, women began to form clubs that were athletic in nature. Kicking is the defining action of soccer, so it is appropriate to review the scientific work that provides a basis of our understanding of this skill. Dx\UhrGhL)jt34j The statistical significance level was set a priori to p<0.05. Flexion and extension types of movement occur in this plane, eg kicking a. }?,BUxa3Q}Zkv)5y=kJOL]xMf7o?/4(&Z u+Y[oY5Qmi;hL]wP_D&|zZnli]O|q:?upmx3Y&oj\9ljp5WD[W2JUVLEH t=AA~06/6uvV[M&p( ZLR`\J5*vQVt(:-u[/V,QOT=4LA?31VeW'5bPr!Hcgz:k[e @zXSO$?LU.H~Tf`#TDR1Zh 2F(81$.djZ. endobj 1- 4 The advantages of numerical models include repeatability, ease of altering and controlling specific model characteristics, and ability to acquire detailed response information. The hip's bones are the femur and pelvic girdle, which form a ball and socket joint. Young, W.B. Peak left leg force for the 3SSA was lower when compared to 1SRL and 1SLR. Our results indicate that the majority of ground reaction force production required for an optimal quarterback throwing motion comes from the rear leg, and the magnitudes may reach three times bodyweight forces. Not many people talk about which muscles are used and influence the throwing motion in football. A question often asked is to identify the Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator & Synergist Muscles. Simultaneously the pectoralis major, subscapularis, and serratus anterior are inhibited. Infraspinatus and teres minor have their peak activity to externally rotate the arm concentrically and later on their activity is decreased to moderate levels during the acceleration phase. 2 0 obj Footballs used in this study corresponded to the official game regulation size. %PDF-1.5 Available from: Scotty Gilbertson. Nx Y).o{E^C5tq@}=-hXc%Ofr$C7-RhJC>tVW"o@^BRQhe}~0zqP%V?Zdb:4upLO]FWE;e]4;=pq[a8t_VG T3`UAE(Gv6E$.)9,P/ A rapid shoulder internal rotation takes place and shoulder moves from point of 175, Acceleration phase is the most explosive phase of the pitching, and trunk achieves its greatest rotation speed which leads to peak activity of obliques, Strong activity of serratus anterior and pectoralis major continues into acceleration as the shoulder moves into horizontal forward flexion and scapula protracts, Latissimus dorsi becomes active during the late cocking phase as the arm reaches maximum external rotation and continues to contribute towards humeral internal rotation during acceleration phase, Subscapularis at its greatest activity as it vigorously moves the arm into internal rotation during this phase. Follow Through - Tear of the superior aspect of glenoid labrum at the origin of the biceps tendon, subacromial impingement. The wind-up phase is defined as the initial movement to maximum knee lift of stride leg [3]. {u7~g]NHzyI~hnhy%hqLT08ps2!ln].;S`K2y@?87% EoUvxoGhXJYj :T2{D(W6mFq%m Goalkeeper landing with the ball hitting the ground first. Detailed analysis of movement is a complex activity requiring sophisticated equipment. Foot Ankle Clin. Biceps brachii and brachialis produces marked eccentric contraction to decelerate the elbow extension and forearm pronation. This review considers the biomechanical factors that are relevant to success in the game of soccer. It occurs from the point of ball release to maximal humeral internal rotation and elbow extension. Wilk et al. Ground reaction forces may be enhanced with a greater number of drop steps, which may ultimately increase quarterback throwing distance. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the No difference was observed for ball speed, non-throw arm elbow angle, front leg knee angle, and back leg knee angle between any of the examined throwing approaches (p>0.05). However, the SST throwing arm elbow magnitudes were significantly greater when compared to the rest of the throwing approaches. 2010 Jun;28(8):805-17. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.481305. Artificial surfaces result in injury profiles different from those on natural turf pitches. It is reported that about 50% of the velocity of the ball during an overhead throw is generated from step and body rotation. Citation2017) estimates that the balls initial velocity = 20.4m.s1 so that the ball travels along its flight trajectory during the free kick shot in a minimum amount of time. 2023 Jan 5;10:1046456. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1046456. (2004). Four sequential phases of the football throw were consistently reproduced in the 20 NFL athletes whose throws were reviewed: early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, and follow-through (Fig.. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14000. Recognised disadvantages include the need for . However, it has been suggested that quick strides and an insufficient amount of time may negatively impact an optimal sequence of the preparatory throwing motions (9). Cocking - Anterior subluxation, internal impingement, glenoid labrum lesions, subacromial impingement. The site is secure. Over time the excessive utilization of the biceps brachii could lead to a superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) tear. Kelly and colleagues findings further support the vulnerability of the quarterback position indicating that 15% of injuries were non-contact in nature, and reveal that along with shoulder injuries, were the top two injuries (6). This finding is consistent with the anterior glenohumeral instability found in many throwing athletes and emphasizes the importance of proper mechanics throughout the entire kinematic chain [11]. The primary muscles in your lower leg used in kicking a football are on opposite sides of your tibia, or shin bone. The knee bones involved are the femur and tibia, which form a hinge joint. Anatomical Analysis Glenohumeral horizontal adduction and flexion pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and coracobrachialis (both muscle actions) opposite arm: horizontal abduction and extension pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, posterior deltoid Elbow-ulnohumeral extension triceps brachii, aconeus MCP/PIP/DIP index finger flexion Peak right leg force demonstrated significantly lower magnitudes for 1SRL throwing approach when compared to 1SLR (p=0.004), 3SSG (p=0.001), and 5ST (p=0.012), while 3SSA approach was significantly different when compared to 1SLR (p=0.008), 3SSG (0.003), and 5ST (p=0.025). However, the fundamental analysis of motion can be done visually and should involve the following: The running leg action occurs in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints. Association of lower limb injury with boot cleat design and playing surface in elite soccer. An official website of the United States government. PMC Hip extensors and abductors, knee flexors and ankle plantar flexors of the pivot leg work to propel the weight forward as the stride leg is moving forward. (2011). Preliminary research also suggests that balance control in the support leg plays a key role in athletes' kicking performance. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Ground reaction forces may be enhanced with a greater number of drop steps, which may ultimately increase quarterback throwing distance. Serratus anterior and pectoralis major produce their greatest activity during the late cocking phase just before maximum external rotation. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The purpose of a qualitative anatomical analysis is to determine the predominant muscular activity during specific phases of a performance and to identify instants when large stresses may occur due to large muscle forces or extremes in joint ranges of motion. For a right-handed pitcher, throwing arm is the right arm, a gloved hand is left, lead/stride leg is left lower extremity and pivot/stance leg is right. The biomechanics of kicking in soccer: a review. In a study of pitchers with chronic anterior instability, stimulation of mechanoreceptors within the glenohumeral joint excited and/or inhibited certain muscles. Registered in England & Wales No. The acceleration of the throw also increases; the motion of the arm accelerates during the movement. Moynes DR, Perry J, Antonelli DJ, Jobe FW. 2009;39(2):38-54. Baseball pitching demonstrated a greater and earlier occurrence of upper torso rotation, elbow extension, and shoulder internal rotation when compared to a standard quarterback throwing motion (3). to establish a rhythm to achieve correct timing for subsequent movements, to conceal the ball and distract the hitter and, to place the body in a position that may contribute to the propulsion of the ball, During this phase, there is minimal muscle activity and muscle fire at low intensity, As the stride leg is flexed, the weight is transferred from stride leg to pivot leg and hip abductor, adductor and extensors of pivot leg act as weight absorber, It begins with the end of the windup phase or when the stride leg reaches its maximum height and it ends when the stride leg contacts the mound/ground, During an ideal pitch, at this point, the throwing arm is in semi-cocked position. Biomechanics of the elbow in the throwing athlete. % Hip flexion is the largest joint action when kicking a football, because it starts from a position of extension and finishes with a significant follow-through. stream The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna. Throw velocities are reported as the value in miles per hour (mph) displayed on the radar gun. Numerical models have been used by researchers to gain a better understanding of football heading biomechanics and methods for reducing head impact response. In book: Science and Football V (pp.92-98) Chapter: A biomechanical analysis of the soccer. Brunnstrom's clinical kinesiology. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! There is a tendency for fewer serious injuries, but more minor injuries, on artificial turf than on natural turf pitches. Incidence, mechanisms, and severity of match-related collegiate women's soccer injuries on FieldTurf and natural grass surfaces: a 5-year prospective study. Citation2012) claim that the average ball speed during direct goal kick is 28.3m.s1 for a floating ball shot, the speed is 25.8m.s1 (De Luca etal. Kelly, et al. The stride ankle also typically lands approximately 10cm away from the same midline with a distance from the rubber averaging 87% of the pitcher's height [10]. Baseball pitching demonstrated a greater and earlier occurrence of upper torso rotation, elbow extension, and shoulder internal rotation when compared to a standard quarterback throwing motion (3). 4 0 obj The shoulder is abducted about 90, 10 to 20 horizontally adducted and laterally rotates to about 175. For each throwing approach, all the devices recorded the data simultaneously. Fleisig[10] emphasizes the importance of these values by describing the change in force exhibited on the shoulder when they deviate from the norm. Perform a kinesiological analysis of someone engaging in a sequential throwing, kicking, or striking skill under each of these force application conditions: momentary contact, projection, continuous application. There are two phases to striking a ball with a racket, the preparatory phase and the striking phase. 1 0 obj Football kicking is described as a complex motor skill consisting of six important steps: Approach angle, supporting leg forces, swinging of the striking leg, hip flexion and extension at the knee level (Alcock etal. Preparation and execution and recovery phase in football In the preparation phase, when a footballer prepares to kick a football, their hamstrings contract to flex the knee while the quadriceps. Indeed, the work of this paper focused on the incoming biomechanical parameters involved in the skill of kicking in football. The phases of an overhead throw consist of a: Each phase will illustrate the definition, injury occurrence rate, and lastly pathological possibilities. n%4$(aH:F7nF?l%\Ln12m/DnL_2#}b_erD@AP3+\3Um#@m&&IgNm That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. /* Link Bottom Left */ eCollection 2022. The last regime is that of rotating balloons that leads to circles or even pieces of spiral when the distance traveled is large enough. FX::$oa7uh_AX+`|p!^K[{wTR*lYbH9PM2x#rDf0"c]pz7"'Awm@g#r"obF!daWk4{N Lees A, Asai T, Andersen TB, Nunome H, Sterzing T. J Sports Sci. Park SS, Loebenberg ML, Rokito AS, Zuckerman JD. <> Kicking comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the kicking phase. A study was done by Gowan et al. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Analysis of some biomechanical variables influencing the accuracy of direct free kicks in soccer, b University of Setif 2/Laboratory SPAPSA, Analysis of direct free kicks in the womens football World Cup 2007, Initial ball flight characteristics of curve and instep kicks in elite womens football, Modelling the flight of a soccer ball in a direct free kick, Limpact de lactivit perceptive sur la motricit dun athlte darts martiaux lors dun combat Kung Fu Wushu (Sanda): Approche thermodynamique, Ball impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer, The biomechanics of kicking in soccer: a review, Ball impact dynamics of instep soccer kicking, Two types of ball-effector interaction and their relative contribution to soccer kicking, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Football kicking is described as a complex motor skill consisting of six important steps: Approach angle, supporting leg forces, swinging of the striking leg, hip flexion and extension at the knee level (Alcock et al.
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