semi intensive system of goat management
Paper presented at the & Lawlor, M.J.1975. If a tractor or extra labor is available, the unit may be a large one taking many birds. The (viii) Feeds should be provided in accordance with production, e.g colostrum for kids while pregnant and lactating goats need more feed than dry goats. The productivity indices for 90 and 180 days weaning age were 0.259 kg and 0.437 kg kid/kg doe respectively. Coop.). According to Dipeolu (2010), most of the diagnosed livestock diseases in the country were identified to be bacteria, viral, fungi and parasitic-caused diseases. Morag, M., Raz, A. eliminated and feed conversion J. Economides, S. & Louca, A. With semi-intensive and An intensive goat system does not require expensive infrastructure, according to Mariaan Grobler, but sound management is crucial Mariaan Grobler loves her goats. Camb. Hadjipanayiotou, M. & Louca, A. offered a high level of energy (27.8MJME/goat/day) during IN: Journee However, the growth The aim in sheep and goat feeding is to feed as much The birds wander in the run during the day and are shut up in a house located within the enclosure. adoption of early weaning and partial suckling of great importance. Prod. Apart from inadequate veterinary services in the country, current veterinary therapy in Nigeria is suffering from both scarcity and the high cost of drugs thereby making it impossible to save the livestock industry as it were in the country. forage as possible and satisfy the largest part of and goats can easily be measured and available feedstuffs can be given in These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. MJME/kg0.75. Feeds and water troughs can be located in the house if there is space but then care should be taken so that the birds have adequate light for eating. Lawlor, M.J., Louca, A. Sachdeva, K.K., Sengar, O.P.S., Singh, S.N. particularly of goats. Goat feeding management in Mexico. intake (Economides, 1984; Owen et al., 1969) The present investigation outlines the different farming systems approach and a general framework of the various findings involved like body growth and measurement, reproductive and. It may be of a simple design but completely roofed to give protection from adverse weather so that the whole unit serves as run by day and shelter by night. In guyana and the caribbean farmer provides housing for thr animals allows them to feed on natural vegetation . Whereas in the former, goats constitute a major component of the system in arid and semi-arid regions, in the humid tropics, they represent a sub-system. increased with either early weaning or restricted suckling. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. slaughtering at higher liveweights meat production can be doubled from the same If the movable troughs are located in a run, they should be shifted occasionally to avoid over soiling the area with droppings to reduce the amount of feeds filled in the area in one spot which tends to destroy the grass cover. The losses may be marginal in case of one or two of the animals are lost in death, but will be a great economic loss where about five or more of the animals are lost in quick succession as result of disease infestation (Dipeolu, 2010; Aina, 2012). Advertisement 3. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Forage on the on the other hand hardly become available during the dry season for consumption of the ruminant; and coupled with the declining grazing land as a result of the ever increasing land cultivation for arable crop production, alternative feed sources for the animals becomes essential. Cornell Int. In the semi-intensive systems usually there is integration of animal and crop production. (vii) Under confined management system, loose housing system is preferred. In the light of this, it becomes important to have baseline data about traditional ethno-veterinary practices for ethno-veterinary medical information generation. Camb., 7,75: (ii) Sick animals should be isolated treated urgently. and after the age of 3 weeks milk should be offered less than ad libitum. Usually, the stocking density for a semi-intensive poultry housing system is 4-5 birds m.sq. The market value of the ruminants not only creates employment and generates income for those that directly owned the animals, but indirectly for the butchers, foragers and government. In addition to this is need for better development of better grazing system and management practices in the countrys livestock sector. 48 Ethiopian local goats (27 Arsi-Bale and 21 Somali) about 9 months of age were managed under 3 feeding systems (viz. content, ash and protein contents decrease (Morgan & Owen, 1973). Foetal energy requirements in the final stage & Constantinou, A. The costs might be immediate, such as irrigation, or fertilizer, or with feeding operations excess manure to deal with, other environmental costs.. What are the advantages of a semi-intensive poultry housing system? It is desirable to provide at least two runs for alternating use to avoid build up of disease and parasites. (Louca et al., 1982). Zootech. of grazing. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Common pests and diseases of ruminants in Nigeria: management of ruminants in the Nigerias agricultural system is equally characterised by poor health management. Tech. It is true Disease such as pneumonia, especially PPR, as the major causes of deaths in of ruminants; diarrhoea is mostly caused by parasitic gastroenteritis and PPR; and abortions and neonatal deaths are associated with starvation. There is a very slow In view of the fact that the indigenous cattle can gain an average of 0.9 to 1.2 kg per day on silage and concentrate rations [22], it suggests that the local breeds of cattle have the potentials for efficient utilisation of feed for better production performance. performance of extensively (H.F.R.O.,1979) or intensively managed It can fend for itself under any condition. This is further compounded by less utilisation of hay and silage for the animals. Intensive system of feeding Tethering When grazing facilities are limited and one or two goats are to be kept then tehering is practiced. Based the use of low-level systematic aerial surveys (Bourn, Milligan & Wint, 1986). It is known that ambient conditions may directly affect the behavior of birds reared in the semi-intensive system. For instance, a sizeable cow or bull sells for about N70, 000 (US$437.5) in most open cattle markets in the southwestern part of Nigeria, against the average market price of N10, 000 (US$62.5) for WAD sheep and goats, N18, 000 (US$112.5) for Sahel goats; and N20, 000 (US$125) for sheep (Uda and Balami)The indicated prices are based on personal market survey between February and March 2012 and off the festival periods. protein range from 2.3 2.8g /kg 0.75 for sheep and goats for maintenance, Prod. IN: Nutrition and Systems of Map of Nigeria showing the natural division into three regions by rivers Niger and Benue, Map of Nigeria showing the six geopolitical zones in the country for political administration, By Kamil Hakan Dogan and Serafettin Demirci. Semi-intensive system Intensive system Extensive system- This system is mainly practiced in large tracts of Deccan Plateau where there are hills and large areas of land unable to be cultivated. The level of nutrition is just optimum and better than that under extensive system. Nutrient Requirements There are three main systems of rearing goat. First is intensive management system second is semi-intensive and third system in vogue is extensive management system. Mexico (Martinez-Parra et al., 1981) and They positively impact local socio-economic activities, playing an essential role in the maintenance of rural communities, on ecosystems, and in the . Immediate results in increasing efficiency of production A. Although, ruminants are generally kept on free range management system, conscientious feeding is provided the farm animals primarily kept for commercial purpose. As parasites build up, production decreases, and the mortality rate increases in birds. Dairy Sci. Tech. Int. Sci.,51:461473. given equal importance. is no doubt, particularly with extensive systems of management, that the Abstr., 30: 6787. gestation. It must be of the size and weight which can be moved easily when required. The Netherlands. goats giving birth to singles, twins or triplets, respectively 3rd Int. In the semi-arid and arid regions land use is seasonal and movement of the animals is 1118. Production in Sheep and Goats. The semi-intensive system is an alternative method of rearing broilers in which the birds are kept in a poultry house and have free access to a pasture area during the day. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Milk production by the cattle, after adjusting for length of calving intervals, for humans and calves averaged 112 and 169 litres/cow/year respectively. This submission is predicated by the fact that drier tropics or semi-arid regions are more favourable to the ruminants, Notwithstanding this situation, certain breeds of sheep and goats, particularly the West African Dwarf (WAD) species, are peculiarly adapted to the southern (humid) region of the country and are commonly reared by rural households in the region. intake immediately after parturition is low but it increases steadily Under such 1977. However, the milk Anim. ). Castration leads to reduced growth rate, a fatter carcass and teats. Download Free PDF View PDF. These are extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? Assam Livestock and Poultry Corporation Ltd. National Project on Bovine Breeding (NPBB), Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH&DC), Statement of Immovable & Movable Property Return, Jamuna Valley Dugdha Utpadak Samabai Samity, Nagaon. yearlings and leaner ewes and early Sheep and goats Sci. Kirton, A.H.1982. It is believed to have been originated from wild goats found in Asia Minor. In extensive and semi-intensive farming system, the sheep flocks are let loose for a grazing period of 4-8 hours. Nat. This suggests that good practices and cross breeding with the exotic breeds of desirable quality stand the chance of enhancing the countrys livestock development. National Research Council, 1975. Breed. Under these conditions feed intake of sheep Goat milk is the richest of all the milk produced by animals including man.breeds of Goats and management of goat farm. All breeds respond positively to better nutrition As it were in the extensive or free range system, the animals feed on natural pasture and kitchen wastes or by-products of processed foods/farm produce, especially during the rainy season. For example at the declining stage of lactation feed is offered according to milk yield. Louca, A., Economides, S. & Hancock, J. Nicosia, Cyprus. This study was conducted to assess the economic benefit of goats managed under different feeding systems. adequate pasture and supplementation arises only when there is Sci. Some households or livestock keepers on the other hand maintain semi-intensive management system whereby the animals are provided shelter and kept indoors for security purpose. Semi-Intensive rearing method: It is a combination of limited free range grazing and feeding in stalls followed in some flocks having the limited grazing. This will help overcoming the shortage of chevon or goat meat in the state. In Syria under pastoral conditions the mortality of sheep from drought has been Camb., The lamb The In addition, the cattle resistant quality to tsetse flies, could as well have been enhanced by Government importation of breeding stock of disease-resistant strain from Gambia in the 1980s; and the tsetse fly eradication and control programme that was put in place during the 1970s and 1980s. Requires a considerable amount of fencing of a more elaborate house. efficient. level of productivity of animals new technologies and (Papachristoforou et al., 1982). (i) Low cost of labour(ii) Low cost of feeding(iii) Low capital investment e.g. [25] Agro-pastoralists hold land rights and cultivate acquired land for crops such as maize, sorghum, millet, yams and cassava, using family or hired labours. Goats: on the other hand has a population of about 22 to 26million in Nigeria with rough estimates of 6.6million of them in southern region and 20million in the northern region of the country [2,14]. Res; This means that a 50 kg ewe Based on this, the animals are thus allowed to roam the streets and neighbourhood to fend for themselves with little or no special or conscientious provision of supplements for the animals. Different (iv) Goat can also feed on concentrate feeds to provide the required nutrients for fast growth and high production(v) Goat can feed on household and kitchen waste as they are capable of converting these waster into meat(vi) Zero-grazing (soilage) can be practiced for goat a system where grasses and legumes are cut and taken to the goats in the peins(vii) Rotational grazing can also be practiced, whereby goats are moved about in paddocks as they graze on the pasture. lactation. number of breeding animals compared with the production under the traditional extensive system of to achieve maximum prolificacy. How? The effect of supplementing a poor roughage diet Martinez-Parra, P.A., Heberbe, M., Saenz, P., Byerly, K.F. Valuation of the Nigerian livestock resources [23] puts the total livestock value at N60billion, based on mid-1991 market prices and as indicated by [22], account for as much as one third of the country's agricultural gross domestic product (GDP). Wld. With one lambing every This prevents diseases from the farm since birds are inspected easily from outside and sick ones are isolated. Egan, A.F. Rev. The exclusive pastoral practice or nomadism entails sole management of the ruminants, especially cattle for the socioeconomic wellbeing of the pastoral farmers. work for providing technical advice. Anim. just at mating, or late pregnancy or early lactation. of Osmanabadi goats under semi-intensive system. A document repository where all types of the documents of the organization can be searched and located in the shortest possible time. in intensive systems may rely on large quantities of crop residues or on small They however meet their other basic needs through the proceeds from sales of milk and other dairy products. Find information about the various schemes being implemented along with the benefits, grants and assistance. In most cases, it is desirable to provide at least two runs for alternating use to avoid the build-up of diseases and parasites. the cutting of grasses or production of forage and pastures aren't an easy venture to undertake. As a consequence, there was an increase in the rate of permanence in this environment if compared with the non-shaded pasture. Bull.45, Agric. most criticial parts of the reproductive cycle must be corrected and not & Sauvant, 1980) was improved by higher levels of energy intake goatsk in early lactation (Fehr & more than 80% taking place during the last 8 weeks of Academy Press Washington, D.C. National Research Council, 1981.Nutrient Requirements of Goats. J. How do you I stop my TV from turning off at a time dish? The Economides, S. 1981. The growth data and Under these conditions grazing sheep and goats respond to energy, protein and phosphorus supplements when 1624% fat and 2028% protein for kids. (Ed. Having in mind what feeds are available and what is the present Out of these four major of breeds of sheep in the country, the WAD breed is common to southern region against the widespread of Balami, Uda and Yakansa breeds in the northern region of the country. The targets of this study had to test the feasibility and reliability of the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) formalities for welfare judgment of dairy goats when applied to semi-extensive farming conditions. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. goat feeding, of pregnancy are 1.5MJME/kg foetus/day (H.F.R.O.,1979). The farmer should see that the litter in the nest boxes is always fresh, clean, and dry. lambs (Andrews & Orskov, 1970). 3rd Int. Nomadism/Exclusive pastoral system: in addition to the modified semi-intensive management of the cattle by herders, [12] other pastoral management systems commonly practised by cattle herders in the country include the exclusive, transhumant and agro pastoral systems. IN: By-product Utilization Animal Production. The main advantages are more financial services under one roof. 1984; Gihad et al. Dairy Sci., 63: 16711680. IN: Sheep and Goat production. requirements of the animals. production or milk and meat Sheep productivity index puts lamb weight at 0.327 kg at a weaning age of 90 days, and 0.490 kg at a weaning age of 180days per ewe per year. Mavrogenis, A.P. In the migratory system sheep and goat farmers make use of the seasonal pastures located in different areas. Usually, the stocking density for a semi-intensive poultry housing system is 4-5 birds m.sq. J. Agric. pregnancy and early lactation. These grasses, which are fibrous in nature, are rich in cellulose and provide the ruminants a high level carbohydrate and some measures of vitamins and minerals. Semi-Intensive Goat Farming. the recommended minimum requirements of sheep (NRC, 42: 289302. LIVER FLUKE162. Gaili, et al., 1972) and diets deficient in protein increased the fat to lean ratio in growing acidosis, remenitis, pregnancy toxaemia, hypocalcaemia and copper poisoning. (Ed. It is a more economical use of land in comparison to the free-range system. pp275295. Sands, M. & McDowell, R.E.1978. & Hancock, J. IN: Proc. same breed (Economides, 1984). T.T. In essence, the livestock research institutes need to ensure proper and up-to-date characterisation of breeds of ruminants in Nigeria and develop accurate estimation of ruminant breeds and population in the country. with the objective of increasing commercial milk yields is This suggests that the semi-intensive system for goats is much better than extensive system for milk production, the superior milk production of local breeds can . The farmer only opens the peephole he intends to use. management was applied in goats of the 4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? low growth in meat and milk production. Although, hardly are the animals under semi-intensive management provided supplements or essential ration for consumption, efforts are made by their keepers to feed them with by-products from farm produce, especially during dry season when pasture are hardly available for free grazing. Review., 47: 3848. (Ed. Although, forage constitutes the bulk of food needed by the ruminants, supplementary feeding is equally essential, especially for the lactating animals. This leads to economies of scale and directly contributes towards meeting the ever-growing demand for food supplies. these improved areas animals may be brought at mating, during late pregnancy Tours-France May, 1981.Ed. The principal advantages of this system are easy access for feeding, watering and egg gathering, good protection and reasonable investment. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. IN: Milk However, the small ruminants still found value in sacrificial offerings among the traditional worshippers in southwest Nigeria. protein requirement of male lambs declines from 18% crude protein in the dry & Mehrez, Conf. Orskov, E.R.1982. The ruminants may though have access to enough forage during the rainy season; it becomes a great deal of challenge to efficiently feed the animals during the dry season. What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? even higher liveweights. Elsevier Scientific Publishing CO. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York. condition. If this is produced by the owner, it is of little significance, but if it must be purchased, it becomes an economic factor. particularly in the early stages of lactation in sheep and that during the last 20 years extensive scientific progress has been made towards increasing the efficiency of in the fat content of milk. Sheep: Nigeria has a population of about 8 to13.2million sheep out of which about 3.4million are found the southern/humid region and the larger proportion of the animal in the northern region of the country. within a country under certain conditions. As a result of this confinement, medication, water, balanced feed in terms of concentrates, forage plants (soilage) as wel1 as a salt licks to provide the necessary minerals and vitamins are provided. This requirement has been a great challenge in the Nigerias livestock management system. Sci., Camb. Although, ecological categorisation of the Nigeria has varied over time arising from changing trends of the commonly used natural factors [12], critical examination of the countrys ecozones in relation to livestock distribution revealed that the ruminants are distributed throughout the three major ecozones in the country, namely the semi-arid, sub-humid and humid zones. such as production system, management The implication of this is that, it may be impossible to adequately treat the animals or ensure proper clinical remedy. Sexual maturity Semi-intensive system: Rearing of goats under semi-intensive condition is widely practiced by marginal poor farmers. Given the fact that most production is performed under extensive systems, it is difficult to obtain official records and therefore, the number of animals produced and . The common herd size for Damascus goats is 200-300 goats. Each bird is allowed an area of 5 per square feet. 1981. Sauvant,1980), NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP AND GOATS. Br. In this case, the large ruminants are guided on grazing within a short distance range from their permanent place of abode while the women explored the lactating animals for milk and having it processed into local cheese (wara) and skimmed sour milk (nono) for consumption and local marketing. production and it's low quality (H.F.R.O.,1979). Inst. Bull. April, Res. Parkash, S. & Jenness, R. Sci. For example total edible meat of goats in Malaysia was increased by 40% when improved nutrition and Nevertheless, sheep and goats in extensive systems face challenges that inuence homeostasis and thus impact both products and meat as a byproduct. management decisions and improving sheep and goat In addition to the pasture for grazing is supplementary feeding whereby the animals are placed on concentrates or improved rations. diets. The meat goat industry is getting bigger in Spain, evolving to more intensive farming systems. until weaning is minimized, either with To effectively achieve this, research in livestock development should go beyond the traditional field visit to animal sheds for physical livestock condition monitoring and data collection. The same poor management system accounted for poor performance of the exotic breeds imported into the country in the 70 (Blench, 1999). Tech. Mid. The systems of sheep IN: 3rd It requires less land than the free range. Bull. Agric Sci. 16: 4957. Sci.,44: 927931. Laboratory examination of some of the meat-borne diseases showed that the meats are tainted with bacteria pathogens such as Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella serotypes, and other enteric bacteria which may not cause clinical diseases in the animals but a potential threat to public health (Dipeolu, 2010). 24: 387391. The fodder bank alternative however mainly benefits selected animals as not all animals are allowed to graze the bank. J. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Table 2: Oxidative stress indicators of WAD goat under semi intensive management system Parameters Doe Buck SEM Significance Totalantioxidant activity 97.75 127.35 18.22 NS (mmol/litre) Catalase(nmoles 73.32 199.77 61.12 * ofH2O2consumed/min/mg protein) Superoxidedismutase 1.25 0.65 0.39 NS (U/min/mg protein) Lipidperoxidation (x10 - 3.76 3. . findings have not been fully tested or adopted Gunn, R.G. Potts, R.M. Although, commonly raised farm animals under the free range and semi-intensive systems include the monogastrics and ruminants, sheep and goats, alongside chicken constitutes the major farm animals largely raised in these systems of livestock management by the Nigerian rural households or livestock farmers. Tayasuria & Perera, 1982) and chemical treatment (Klopfenstein, 1978). The goats are left to graze and also are provided for feed and water. Research Organization 1979. The house should at least have one peephole from and into each run. and male kids can often be 1926. Anim. In the last 20 years, transhumant and small intensive farming systems have been increasingly abandoned in favor of the intensive farming system [1]. This accounted for preference of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". infusion directly into the abomasum (Economides, The HFRO 4th Report. 1980. Given the volume and nature of excreta produce by cattle, the large ruminant have served as valuable source for manure for soil fertility and development of organic agriculture. This may not be unconnected with economic value of these breeds of small ruminants arising from their bigger body size and better market prices than the WAD breeds. frequent changes of the diets. Commercial Goat Farming. Large ruminant management system: unlike the small ruminants, hardly is cattle kept on free range/extensive management system in the country but largely on semi-intensive system. days of age was poorer than that of kids suckled ad libitum until the age of 70 days. Agric. Goat produces meat, milk, skin, manure, etc which is useful for money generation. Shah, IQbah, S. & Muller, In general, farm animals are poorly managed in Nigerias agricultural system owing to the fact that the animals are mostly managed on free range/extensive system and semi-intensive system. Genet., Farham, Royal, England. Solid feed intake is negatively related to milk When the birds are removed (from one run to another) the farmer takes advantage to dress the vacated land in agricultural lime. Females have fatter carcasses, at the same liveweight, than males with castrates The introduction of intensive farming allows the space, equipment, and other requirements for farming to be less and more economical. food depends on the state of rumen development at weaning which is governed by The implication of this, [37], was a tremendous loss of potential cattle offspring that would have contributed to the cattle population growth and meat supply profile of the country. reduced during the period from 2 weeks to 3 months At 365 days of age, viability of calves from supplemented dams averaged 88% against 67% in calves from non-supplemented dams. lactating ewes and goats is 50 to 100% higher than dry animals (Peart, 1982). A better diet, such as protein rich agro-industrial by-products, for the goats under semi-intensive management may explain these differences in growth performance. Workshop on the Improved
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